Struts 2 DATA tags allow extracting and manipulating data from the ValueStack. There are many tag types including action, i18n, push, set, date, include, text, and url. These tags can call actions, add resource bundles, push values onto the stack, set values as attributes, format dates, include pages dynamically, retrieve text from bundles, and generate URLs. The document provides examples of how to use each tag type to work with data in the ValueStack.